Ngo-2025, ezona modeli zibalaseleyo zempompo zevacuum zivavanywa ngokungqongqo ukusebenza, ziqinisekisa ukusebenza kakuhle okuphezulu kunye nobomi obude bokusebenza. Ukuthelekisa uhlobo lwempompo oluchanekileyo kwisicelo ngasinye kuhlala kubalulekile. Ukukhethwa kuxhomekeke ekusebenzeni, ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla, ukugcinwa, kunye neendleko.
Izinto eziphambili zokuThatha
Khetha iimpompo zevacuum ngokusekwe kwiimfuno zakho ezifana nenqanaba levacuum, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla, kunye nokugcinwa ukuze ufumane ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokonga iindleko.
Iimpompo ze-Rotary vanezibonelela ngezisombululo ezithembekileyo, ezinexabiso eliphantsi ukuze zisetyenziswe ngokubanzi kodwa zifuna ukugcinwa kwe-oyile rhoqo kwaye zinokuba sengozini yokungcoliseka.
Iimpompo zeringi zolwelo zibamba iigesi ezimanzi okanye ezimdaka kakuhle kwaye zisebenza kakuhle kwiindawo ezirhabaxa, nangona zisebenzisa amandla amaninzi kwaye zifuna ukhathalelo lwe-seal liquid.
Iimpompo ze-screw ezomileyo zibonelela ngokusebenza okungekho-oyile ngokufanelekileyo kumashishini acocekileyo afana ne-semiconductors kunye namayeza, ngolondolozo oluphantsi kodwa ixabiso eliphezulu langaphambili.
Iikhrayitheriya zokuKhetha
Ukusebenza
Abathengi bemizi-mveliso bavavanya ukusebenza ngokuvavanya ukuba impompo ihlangabezana njani neemfuno zokusebenza. Banika iintsimbi zokubaluleka kwamanani kwiimfuno zabathengi, emva koko babeke ezi mfuno kwiiparamitha zobugcisa besebenzisa imatrix yobudlelwane. Umviwa ngamnye ufumana ireyithingi ukusuka ku-0 (embi kakhulu) ukuya ku-5 (engcono) kuyo yonke imfuno. Le ndlela ivumela uhlalutyo olucacileyo, olukhuphisanayo. Uvavanyo lwarhoqo luhlala lubalulekile. Amagcisa alinganisa amanqanaba evacuum kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla ukufumanisa iimpawu zakwangoko zokuhla. Umzekelo, aimpompo yerotary vanengamandla emoto anemilinganiselo ephezulu anokwenza ukodlula impompo ejijwayo enamandla aphantsi, ngakumbi kumanqanaba okusebenza aqhelekileyo evacuum. Uphononongo lokuthelekisa lubonisa ukuba iimpompo ezijikelezayo ziphuma ngokukhawuleza kwaye zisebenzise amandla amancinci kuneempompo ezijijwa phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo.
Ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla
Ukusebenza kwamandla kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhetheni impompo. Uphononongo lubonisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kwiinkqubo zoshishino kunokuncitshiswa ukuya kuthi ga kwi-99%, kuxhomekeke kwisicelo. Iimpompo zeringi zolwelo zisebenza ngokufanelekileyo kwi-25% ukuya kwi-50%, kunye neemodeli ezinkulu ezifikelela phantse kuma-60%. Kwiimpompo zeengcambu ezomileyo, i-akhawunti yelahleko yemoto ithatha phantse isiqingatha sosetyenziso lwamandla lulonke, lulandelwa yi-friction kunye nomsebenzi woxinzelelo lwegesi. Ezi nkcukacha-manani zibonisa ukubaluleka kokuvavanya iimeko ezichanekileyo zokusebenza kunye noyilo lwempompo, kungekhona nje ukulinganisa kweemoto.
Isondlo
Ukugcinwa rhoqo kuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kunye nokwandisa ubomi bempompo.
Ukugcinwa rhoqo kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwempompo, ukusetyenziswa, kunye nokusingqongileyo.
Uhlolo lonyaka lusemgangathweni, kodwa imisebenzi eqhubekayo okanye enzima ifuna ukuhlolwa rhoqo.
Imisebenzi ephambili ibandakanya ukuhlolwa kweoli ngeveki, ukuhlolwa kokucoca, kunye nokubeka iliso ingxolo okanye ukungcangcazela.
Ulondolozo lothintelo lubandakanya ukuhlolwa kweengcali zonyaka zee-rotors, izitywina kunye neevalvu.
Iimvavanyo zentsebenzo ziqinisekisa amanqanaba evacuum, uzinzo, kunye nokungabikho kokuvuza.
Iirekhodi zogcino zibonelela ngemilinganiselo yenjongo yamathuba eenkonzo.
Iindleko
Ixabiso lilonke lobunini (TCO) libandakanya ixabiso lokuthenga, ukugcinwa, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla, ixesha lokuphumla, uqeqesho, kunye nokuthotyelwa kokusingqongileyo. Abavelisi abahamba phambili banikezela ngezibonelelo kunye nezixhobo zokunceda abathengi ukubala i-TCO kwizisombululo ezithile. Iindlela zentengiso zikhetha ukonga umbane, iimpompo ezingenawo ioli, nezomileyo, ezinciphisa ungcoliseko kunye neendleko zokuyilahla. I-automation kunye nokubek'esweni okuhlakaniphile kuqhubela phambili ukuthoba iindleko zomjikelo wobomi ngokuvumela ugcino oluqikelelweyo kunye noxilongo lwexesha lokwenyani. Imizekelo ibandakanya iteknoloji ye-screw eyomileyo kunye neepompo zokuqhuba isantya esiguquguqukayo, ezibonisa ukonga okubalulekileyo ngokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokunciphisa ukulungiswa.
Iintlobo zempompo zeVacuum
Rotary Vane
Iimpompo ze-Rotary vanehlala ulukhetho oludumileyo kwizicelo ezininzi zamashishini. Ezi mpompo zihambisa ukuhamba okuzinzile, okungahambi kakuhle kwe-pulse kunye nokusingatha uxinzelelo oluphakathi ngokufanelekileyo. Iimpompo ze-oil-lubricated rotary vane zifezekisa uxinzelelo lokugqibela olusezantsi njenge-10 ^ -3 mbar, zibenza zilungele ukusetyenziswa kwemizi-mveliso kunye nelabhoratri. Inkqubo yabo yeoli ibonelela ngokutywinwa kunye nokupholisa, okwandisa ukuthembeka kunye nokuqina. Imijikelezo yesondlo idla ngokubandakanya utshintsho lweoyile rhoqo kwiiyure ezingama-500 ukuya kwezingama-2000, ukuxhasa ubomi obude benkonzo.
Iimpompo ze-Rotary vane zisebenzisa izinto ezikumgangatho ophezulu, ezinganxibiyo kunye neendawo ezinoomatshini abachanekileyo. Olu luyilo lunciphisa ukuguga koomatshini kwaye luqinisekisa ukusebenza okufanayo.
Iimpompo ze-Rotary vane zifuna ukulungiswa okungaphezulu kuneempompo zegiya kodwa zibonelela ngokusebenza okuthembekileyo kwexesha elide. Iimodeli ezithanjiswe nge-oyile zibonelela ngamanqanaba aphezulu evacuum kodwa zinokubeka umngcipheko wosulelo. Iinguqulelo zokomisa zinciphisa iindleko zokungcola kunye nokugcinwa, nangona zisebenza ngokufanelekileyo okuphantsi.
Ulwelo Ring
Iimpompo ze-vacuum yeringi yolwelo ziyagqwesa ekuphatheni iigesi ezimanzi okanye ezingcolisekileyo. Uyilo lwazo olulula lusebenzisa i-impeller ejikelezayo kunye netywina elimanzi, elihlala limanzi, ukwenza i-vacuum. Ezi mpompo ziyakwazi ukunyamezela ulwelo kunye ne-carryover eqinileyo, izenza zilungele imveliso yekhemikhali, amayeza, kunye nokuvelisa amandla.
Izifundo zamanani zibonisa iingenelo ezininzi:
| Ukufunda / uMbhali | Uhlobo lweSifundo samanani | Iziphumo eziphambili / izinto eziluncedo |
|---|---|---|
| UZhang et al. (2020) | Uphononongo lovavanyo kunye namanani usebenzisa i-xanthan gum yokutywina ulwelo | Ukongiwa kwamandla nge-21.4% ngokunciphisa ukungqubana kodonga kunye nelahleko yesiphithiphithi xa kuthelekiswa namanzi acocekileyo. |
| Rodionov et al. (2021) | Uyilo kunye nohlalutyo lwezibuko lokukhupha elihlengahlengisiweyo | I-25% yokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kunye ne-10% yokwanda kwesantya sokusebenza ngenxa yokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle |
| Rodionov et al. (2019) | Imathematika kunye nesiphelo sento yokwenza imodeli yeencakuba zemikhono ezijikelezayo | Ukuya kuthi ga kwi-40% yokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ngenxa yokunciphisa ukukhuhla kunye nokulungiswa kwendawo |
Iimpompo zeringi zamanzi zibonelela ngokusebenza ngamandla kwiindawo ezinzima. Nangona kunjalo, ukusebenza kakuhle kuyehla ngokunyuka kwesantya sokujikeleza, kwaye ugcino lunokubandakanya ukulawula umgangatho wolwelo lwetywina. Ezi mpompo zihlala zikhethwa ngokuthembekileyo kwiinkqubo ezibandakanya umphunga okanye iigesi ezigcwele i-particle.
Dry Screw
Iimpompo zevacuum ezomileyobonisa ukukhula okukhulayo kumashishini abona ungcoliseko. Ezi mpompo zisebenza ngaphandle kwe-oyile, zizenza zilungele ukusetyenziswa kwi-semiconductors, amayeza, kunye nokulungiswa kokutya. Isakhiwo sabo esilula, esincinci asinakho ukungqubuzana phakathi kwamacandelo okupompa, okunciphisa ukunxiba kunye nokwandisa ubomi benkonzo.
Iimpompo ze-screw ezomileyo zibonelela ngesantya esibanzi sokumpompa kunye nesantya esikhulu sokuhamba komthamo.
Ukusebenza ngaphandle kwe-oyile kuphelisa umngcipheko wongcoliseko kwaye kunciphisa iindleko zokugcinwa.
Iindleko eziphezulu zokufumana okokuqala zinokuba ngumqobo, kodwa ukugcinwa kwexesha elide kudla ngokuyiphelisa le nto.
Ukusasazwa kweempompo ze-screw ezingama-36 zeBusch kwiinkqubo ze-cryogenic zovavanyo lwe-radio frequency superconducting kubonisa ukuthembeka kwazo. Inkqubo ifezekise ixesha elizinzileyo le-74 yeeyure zokupholisa, ixhasa iimfuno zophando oluphezulu.
Imakethi iyaqhubeka nokutshintshela kwitekhnoloji yempompo engenaoyile kunye neyomileyo. Ezi zisombululo zinceda amashishini ukuhlangabezana nemigangatho engqongqo yongcoliseko kunye nokunciphisa impembelelo yokusingqongileyo.
Vacuum Pump Uthelekiso
Iinkcukacha
Abathengi bamashishini bathelekisa iimpompo ze-vacuum ngokuphonononga iinkcukacha ezininzi eziphambili. Oku kubandakanya ivacuum yokugqibela, isantya sokumpompa, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla, inqanaba lengxolo, ubunzima, kunye nobomi. Ngelixa iimpompo ezininzi zinokubhengeza amanqanaba afanayo okugqibela evacuum, ukusebenza kwawo kwehlabathi lokwenyani kunokwahluka kakhulu. Umzekelo, iimpompo ezimbini ezinoxinzelelo oluphezulu olufanayo zinokuba nezantya zokumpompa ezahlukeneyo kuxinzelelo lokusebenza, oluchaphazela ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokunxiba. Iigophe zokusebenza ezibonisa isantya sokupompa ngokuchasene noxinzelelo zinceda abathengi ukuba baqonde ukuba impompo iya kwenza njani ekusetyenzisweni kwangempela.
Le theyibhile ilandelayo ishwankathela imilinganiselo yempompo yokufunxa yempompo ehamba phambili:
| Ipharamitha | Impompo yeRotary Vane (Itywinwe ngeoyile) | Impompo yeRingi yolwelo | Ipumpu yesikruru esomileyo |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ukumpompa isantya | 100-400 l/min | 150-500 l / min | 120-450 l/min |
| Vacuum yokugqibela | ≤1 x 10⁻³ Torr | 33–80 mbar | ≤1 x 10⁻² Torr |
| Ukutya umbane | 0.4–0.75 kW | 0.6–1.2 kW | 0.5–1.0 kW |
| Inqanaba Lengxolo | 50–60 dB(A) | 60–75 dB(A) | 55–65 dB(A) |
| Ubunzima | 23-35 kg | 40-70 kg | 30-50 kg |
| Isithuba soLondolozo | Iiyure ezingama-500–2,000 (ukutshintsha kweoyile) | 1,000–3,000 iiyure | 3,000–8,000 iiyure |
| Ubomi obuqhelekileyo | 5,000–8,000 iiyure | 6,000–10,000 iiyure | 8,000+ iiyure |
| Usetyenziso | Ukupakishwa, iLebhu, ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi | Ikhemikhali, Amandla, i-Pharma | Semiconductor, Ukutya, Pharma |
Qaphela: Ivacuum yokugqibela kunye nesantya sokumpompa iyodwa ayikuchazi ngokupheleleyo ukusebenza kwempompo. Abathengi kufuneka baphonononge ii-curves zentsebenzo kwaye baqwalasele ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kwiingcinezelo zabo zokusebenza ezithile.
Iimeko zeSicelo
Iimpompo ze-vacuum zikhonza uluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo zoshishino kunye nebhubhoratri. Ukukhetha uhlobo lwempompo kuxhomekeke kwiimfuno zenkqubo, uvakalelo longcoliseko, kunye nenqanaba lokufunxa elifunwayo. Itheyibhile engezantsi ichaza iimeko eziqhelekileyo kunye neentlobo zempompo ezicetyiswayo:
| Uluhlu lwesicelo | Imeko eqhelekileyo | Iintlobo zempompo ezicetyiswayo | Imizekelo Brand |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ilebhu | Ukuhluzwa, ukukhupha umoya, ukumisa umkhenkce | I-oil-itywinwe i-rotary vane, i-vane ejikelezayo eyomileyo, ihuku kunye nozipho | Becker, uPfeiffer |
| Ukuphatha Izinto | I-CNC, ukupakishwa, iirobhothi | I-oil-itywinwe i-rotary vane, i-vane ejikelezayo eyomileyo, ihuku kunye nozipho | Busch, uGardner Denver |
| Ukupakishwa | Ukutywinwa kwevacuum, ukwenza itreyi | I-oil-itywinwe i-rotary vane, i-vane ejikelezayo eyomileyo | IAtlas Copco, eBusch |
| Ukuvelisa | Ukulungiswa kweekhemikhali, i-electronics, ukomisa ukutya | I-oil-itywinwe i-rotary vane, i-vane ejikelezayo eyomileyo, isikrufu esomileyo | Leybold, uPfeiffer |
| Iinkqubo eziLawulwayo | Ukucoca, ukomisa, ukuxutywa kwe-distillation | I-oil-sealed rotary vane | Becker, Busch |
| Usulelo-Unovelwano | Semiconductor, pharma, processing ukutya | Isikrufu esomileyo, i-vane ejikelezayo eyomileyo | IAtlas Copco, Leybold |
Iimpompo ze-vacuum zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kumashishini afana ne-semiconductors, amayeza, i-oyile kunye negesi, kunye nokulungiswa kokutya. Ngokomzekelo, ukuveliswa kwe-semiconductor kufunaiimpompo Screw ezomileyoukugcina iindawo ezingangcolisekiyo. Imveliso yamayeza isebenzisa iimpompo ze-rotary vane i-vacuum distillation kunye nokomisa. Ukupakishwa kokutya kuxhomekeke kwiimpompo zevacuum ukuze zitywinwe kwaye zomiswe ngumkhenkce ukugcina umgangatho wemveliso.
Okuhle nokubi
Uhlobo ngalunye lwempompo ye-vacuum lubonelela ngeenzuzo ezizodwa kunye nokungalunganga. Abathengi kufuneka balinganise ezi zinto ngokusekelwe kwiimfuno zabo ezithile.
Iimpompo zeRotary Vane
✅ Ithembekile kwivacuum enzulu kunye nokusetyenziswa ngokubanzi
✅ Ukunciphisa iindleko zangaphambili
❌ Ifuna utshintsho kunye nokugcinwa kweoyile rhoqo
❌ Umngcipheko wokungcoliseka kwe-oyile kwiinkqubo ezibuthathaka
Iimpompo zeRingi yolwelo
✅ Ukuphatha kakuhle iigesi ezimanzi okanye ezingcolisekileyo
✅ Womelele kwindawo enzima
❌ Ukusebenza okusezantsi kwisantya esiphezulu
❌ Ifuna ulawulo lomgangatho wolwelo lwetywina
Iimpompo zeScrew ezomileyo
✅ Ukusebenza ngaphandle kwe-oyile kuphelisa umngcipheko wosulelo
✅ Iindleko zokugcinwa nokulungisa eziphantsi ngenxa yoyilo olulula
✅ Iidrives eziguquguqukayo ezinokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kakhulu
❌ Utyalo-mali oluphezulu lokuqala (malunga ne-20% ngaphezulu kweempompo ezivalwe ngeoyile)
❌ Isenokufuna ufakelo olulodwa
Iisistim ze-vacuum ezisembindini ezinee-frequency drives eziguquguqukayo zibonelela ngobuchule obuphezulu bamandla kunye neendleko eziphantsi zogcino xa kuthelekiswa neepompo ezininzi zokusetyenziswa. Nangona kunjalo, zibandakanya utyalo-mali lwangaphambili kunye nobunzima bokufaka.
Ukulungiswa kwempompo ye-vacuum kunokuba yindleko kwimibandela encinci, kodwa ukungaphumeleli okuphindaphindiweyo kunokunyusa iindleko zexesha elide. Ukutshintsha iimpompo ezindala ngeemodeli ezintsha kuphucula ukuthembeka, ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla, kwaye kaninzi kuza newaranti, nangona ifuna intlawulo yokuqala ephezulu.
Ukukhetha iMpompo eLungileyo
Isicelo seFit
Ukukhetha ipompo yokucoca echanekileyo kuqala ngokuthelekisa iimpawu zayo kwiimfuno ezithile zeshishini. Iinjineli kunye nabaphathi benkqubo bajonga izinto ezininzi ngaphambi kokuba benze isigqibo:
Inqanaba le vacuum efunekayo (irhabaxa, iphezulu, okanye iphezulu kakhulu)
Isantya sokuhamba kunye nesantya sokumpompa
Ukuhambelana kweMichiza kunye neegesi zenkqubo
Iimfuno zokuthambisa kunye nomngcipheko wongcoliseko
Ukugcinwa rhoqo kunye nokulula kwenkonzo
Iindleko kunye nokusebenza kakuhle
Iintlobo zempompo ezahlukeneyo zilungele izicelo ezahlukeneyo. Iimpompo zeRotary vane zihambisa ukusebenza okuphezulu kunye nokuhamba kodwa zifuna ukugcinwa kweoyile rhoqo. Iimpompo ze-diaphragm zibonelela ngokumelana neekhemikhali kunye nokusebenza okomileyo, okuzenza zibe zilungele iinkqubo ezibuthathaka okanye ezinobungozi. Iimpompo zeringi zolwelo zibamba iigesi ezimanzi okanye ezigcwele amasuntswana kodwa zithande ukuba mkhulu kwaye zisebenzise amandla amaninzi. Ukwenza ngokwezifiso kudlala indima ephambili kumashishini afana nokutya, amayeza, kunye neekhemikhali, apho iimfuno zemveliso zahluka kakhulu. Iinkampani ezifana noyilo lwe-SPX FLOW kunye nokwandisa izisombululo kumacandelo asuka kwezolimo ukuya kulwakhiwo lweenqanawa, ukuqinisekisa ukuba impompo ihambelana nenkqubo.
Ingcebiso: Soloko udibana neenjineli zenkqubo ukulungelelanisa ukhetho lwempompo kunye neenjongo zemveliso kunye nemigangatho yokuthotyelwa.
Iindleko zizonke
Uhlalutyo olubanzi lweendleko lunceda abathengi baphephe izinto ezothusayo kumjikelo wobomi bempompo. Le theyibhile ingezantsi ichaza ezona ndleko ziphambili:
| Ixabiso Factor | Inkcazo |
|---|---|
| Utyalo-mali lokuqala | Ukuthengwa kwezixhobo, ukuqina, kunye neendleko zokuvavanya |
| Ukufakela kunye nokuQalisa | Isiseko, izinto eziluncedo, ukugunyazisa, kunye noqeqesho lomsebenzisi |
| Amandla | Ezona ndleko ziqhubekayo; kuxhomekeke kwiiyure kunye nokusebenza kakuhle |
| Imisebenzi | Umsebenzi wokubeka iliso nokulawula inkqubo |
| ULondolozo kunye noLungiso | Inkonzo eqhelekileyo, izinto ezisetyenziswayo, kunye nolungiso olungalindelekanga |
| Ixesha lokuphumla kunye neMveliso eLahlekileyo | Iindleko zokuvalwa okungalindelekanga; zingathethelela iimpompo ezisecaleni |
| Okusingqongileyo | Ukuphatha iindawo ezivuzayo, imathiriyeli eyingozi, kunye nezithambisi ezisetyenzisiweyo |
| Ukuyekiswa kunye nokuLahlwa | Iindleko zokugqibela zokulahlwa kunye nokubuyisela |
Amandla adla ngokumela eyona nkcitho inkulu ekuhambeni kwexesha. Ukugcinwa kunye nexesha lokuphumla kunokuchaphazela iindleko zizonke. Abathengi kufuneka bathelekise iindleko zomjikelo wobomi, hayi nje ixabiso lokuqala, ukwenza izigqibo ezinolwazi.
FAQ
Nguwuphi umahluko ophambili phakathi kweempompo ze-vacuum ezivaliweyo kunye nezomileyo?
Iimpompo ezitywinwe ngeoyile zisebenzisa ioyile ukutywina kunye nokupholisa. Iipompo ezomileyo zisebenza ngaphandle kweoli, ephelisa umngcipheko wokungcola. Iimpompo ezomileyo zihambelana neendawo ezicocekileyo, ngelixa iimpompo ezitywinwe nge-oyile zisebenza kakuhle kusetyenziso ngokubanzi lwemizi-mveliso.
Ingaba impompo yokufunxa kufuneka ifumane ulungiso kangaphi?
Iimpompo ezininzi ze-vacuum zamashishini zifuna ukulungiswa rhoqo kwiiyure ezingama-500 ukuya kwii-2,000. Ikhefu lixhomekeke kuhlobo lwempompo kunye nesicelo. Ukuhlolwa rhoqo kunceda ukuthintela ukungaphumeleli okungalindelekanga kunye nokwandisa ubomi benkonzo.
Ngaba impompo yokufunxa enye ingasebenza koomatshini abaninzi?
Ewe, iisistim zevacuum ezisembindini zinokuxhasa oomatshini abaninzi. Olu cwangciso luphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla kwaye lunciphisa ukugcinwa. Nangona kunjalo, kunokufuna utyalo-mali oluphezulu kunye noyilo lwenkqubo enononophelo.
Zeziphi izinto ezichaphazela iindleko ezipheleleyo zobunini bempompo yokufunxa?
Ixabiso lilonke libandakanya ixabiso lokuthenga, ukufakela, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla, ukugcinwa, ixesha lokuphumla, kunye nokulahlwa. Amandla kunye nogcino luhlala lumela ezona ndleko zininzi kubomi bempompo.
Ngawaphi amashishini azuza kakhulu kwiimpompo zokufunxa izikrufu ezomileyo?
Amashishini afana ne-semiconductors, amayeza, kunye nokulungiswa kokutya azuza kakhulu. Iimpompo ze-screw ezomileyo zibonelela ngokusebenza ngaphandle kwe-oyile, okuthintela ukungcoliseka kunye nokuhlangabezana nemigangatho engqongqo yokucoceka.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jun-30-2025